Unterschiede

Hier werden die Unterschiede zwischen zwei Versionen der Seite angezeigt.

--- wiki:1745_green_vorwort_general_collection [2025/08/14 04:45] – [Vorwort zu: 1745 Green general collection] norbert
+++ wiki:1745_green_vorwort_general_collection [2025/08/22 02:54] (aktuell) – ↷ Links angepasst weil Seiten im Wiki verschoben wurden 146.174.176.132
@@ Zeile 2: / Zeile 2: @@
-  * **1745−1747** ''Green, John''\\ //A new general collection of voyages and travels ...//\\ London 1745: Thomas Astley\\ → [[zeitleiste_reisesammlungen|Zeitleiste Reisesammlungen]]
+  * **1745−1747** ''Green, John''\\ //A new general collection of voyages and travels ...//\\ London 1745: Thomas Astley\\ → [[reisesammlungen|Zeitleiste Reisesammlungen]]
 ===== Preface =====
@@ Zeile 35: / Zeile 35: @@
 THE better to succeed in this last Article, we have been careful to procure the best Authors to be met with, and to search not only the great foreign Collections already mentioned for curious Tracts as have not yet been translated from them, but also the smaller: Such as those ...
+===== VII =====
+... of the Dutch to the North and the East Indies the Lettres Edifiantes Memoires des Missions and several other foreign literary Journals. Not forgetting the Memoirs of the Academy of Paris and our own Philosophical Transactions which afford several curious Relations.
+ Farther to improve our Design we have as Occasion required, thrown in certain short Pieces or Extracts relating to the History Government or Religions of foreign Nations especially the Oriental taken chiefly from their own Authors in order to supply the Travellers who bave not always had an Opportunity of obtaining an exact Knowledge of those Matters.
+ Of this the Description of the Red Sea from Abu'lfeda the Discovery of Madera by Alcaforado and more particularly the History of the Portugueze Conquests in India with which the Volume begins, are Instances.
+ALTHOUGH our Design is much more extensive than that of any Collection hitherto published yet we propose to execute it in less Room than any of the former.
+ To effect this we have deviated from the common Method of collecting and instead of giving each Author entire in the Order he was published we separate his Journal and Adventures from his Remarks on Countries.
+ The first we give by itself, the latter we incorporate with the Remarks of other Travellers to the same Parts.
+ THE Adventures of Travellers are generally very tedious often trifling, and therefore admit of large Retrenchments and as several Travellers visiting the same Parts must necessarily repeat the same Things, it is certain, that by this Way of collecting them a vast deal of superfluous Matter will be expunged and consequently Room made for introducing many more than could possibly be brought into the same Compass, according to the common Method.
+ It is true, Purchas and Harris, with a View to obtain the same End, have not only abridged their Travellers, but endeavoured to avoid Repetition.
+ To effect this, their Course was, after giving one Author intire to strike out of the rest all such Remarks as seemed to be of the same Nature with those made by the first.
+ But it is obvious, that this Method will make strange Havock with the Books as it must render most of them so curtailed and imperfect that the Reader will have only Parts or Pieces of an Author instead of the Whole and this in such an abrupt and unconnected Manner that the Completeness of the few will in no Sort supply or compensate for the Deficiences of the many.
+ The Injury will extend even to the uncastrated Relations: For if some Remarks be struck-out of four Travellers for Instance in five the four will not only be deprived of the Right and Property which they had in them equal to the fifth, but the fifth will be left destitute of the Vouchers requisite to support what he relates.
+ These ill Consequences are the necessary Effect of this Way of managing Authors whereas they are intirely avoided by the Method made use of in this Collection.
+ For by incorporating the Remarks of several Travellers together with proper References the Whole will be preserved as well as every particular Author's Property therein ascertained and distinguished at the Same Time that Repetition and Redundancy will be prevented.
+BESIDES these considerable Advantages other great Benefits flow from this Way of Collecting.
+ In the first Place, the Reader, by finding all that relates to the same Things in several Authors brought together, will be saved the Trouble of turning from one to the other, in order to collect their scattered Remarks on every Subject, as well as avoid being tired with reading, or charged with paying for the same Things several Times over in different Authors.
+At the same Time instead of a great many imperfect Accounts which the Authors separately afford be will be furnished with one complete Description compiled from them all And thus our Collection becomes a System of Modern Geography and History as well as a Body Voyages and Travels exhibiting the Present State of all Nations in the most concise yet comprehensive Manner.
+THIS Method has likewise contributed not a little to render the Work more perfect and accurate: For by having the Remarks of several Authors before him in one View, a Collector is best able to see their Errors and Defects, an,d consequently to adjust correct and supply them.
+===== VIII =====
+BY this Means likewise be can best discover the fictitious Relations from the genuine, the Copy from the Original, and trace the Theft through a Series of Authors to the Fountain-Head:
+ For Instance by comparing the several Voyages and Accounts of Guinea together it appears that almost all their Authors have copied, or rather stolen, from Artus in de Bry's Collection (for they do not quote him) not excepting Bosman himself who hitherto has passed unsuspected of Plagiarism.
+ Upon a Discovery of this Nature we generally take Care to point out the Freebooter and restore the Goods to their right Owners.
+ We always pay a great Deference to the first Discoverers or earliest Writers whose Remarks we generally insert first in the Description or making them the Foundation throw those of later Authors, into the Notes in order to illustrate or confirm them.
+OUR View, however comprehensive ,is not to insert every Relation that comes to band, the good and bad without Distinction.
+ On the contrary we have been careful to make Choice of the best in all Languages and not to give Place to any which was not likely to contribute to the Improvement or Entertainment of the Reader.
+ However we do not always exclude an Author who is not wholly worthless: Because, though in the common Way of collecting be would prove a great Incumbrance yet in ours he might be dispatched by Help of a short Abstract and a few References under the Description of Places or Things whereby all the Remarks that may be of any Use in such Books will be preserved without clogging our Work with the Heaps of trifling Matters that accompany them in the Originals.
+HAVING given this general Account of our Scheme and its Advantages in a Work of this Nature we come next to a more particular Detail of the Manner in which it has been executed.
+As to the Matter it consists of two Sorts, Abstracts and Digests.
+ The Abstracts contain the Journals of the Travels or Voyages including the Adventures of the Authors and other Occurrences with the Descriptions of Places especially when there are not Remarks of other Travellers to mix with them Each.
+ Abstract is commonly preceded by an Introduction or literary Article wherein an Account is given of the Author ( So far as can be come at) and his Work as to its Editions, Size, and Number of Pages, the Subject or Contents.
+ There is commonly added likewise a short Critic or Judgment thereon as to its Excellencies or Defects with respect to Geography History, Cuts and Maps.
+THE Digest contains the Remarks of several Voyagers or Travellers relating to any Country, the Inhabitants or its natural Productions incorporated together so as to form a regular Description such as that of the Canary or of the Cape de Verde Islands in this Volume already mentioned.
+But although in this Part the Observations of different Persons are mixed together yet they are particularly distinguished by References to the Books from whence they were extracted.
+ Care likewise is taken in the Abstracts to cite the Page from Time to Time for the Satisfaction of such as may have a Mind to consult the Originals.
+WHERE Authors agree in their Remarks on any particular Place or Thing we make one Account serve for all.
+ And where they disagree we either give the different Accounts in the Text or inserting only that which we judge most exact throw the rest into the Notes.
+ IN these Notes which are geographical historical and critical we have done our best to correct the Errors determine or reconcile the Differences, clear-up Obscurities and supply Small Deficiencies which frequently occur in the Travellers from various auxiliary Writers.
+ But this we sometimes do in the Text as our Method of incorporating the Remarks of different Authors will admit of it and when the Point to be examined is of more than ordinary Importance to Geography or History we introduce a particular Dissertation on the Оссаsion.
+HOWEVER, after all our earnest Endeavours to correct Errors and determine Differences it is not to be presumed that we have always succeeded to the Reader's Satisfaction.
+ For when the Difference is between only two Authors, or there are as many Vouchers on one Side of the Question as the other it is often very difficult to determine where the Truth lies unless we ...
+===== IX =====
+we have some unexceptionable Authority to guide us such as the Writers of the Country, which the Fact relates
+BUT of all Matters in which the Travellers differ from each other there are none more difficult to settle than those which concern the Names used in distant Countries.
+ It was a principal View in this Design to reduce all such Names of Places, Things and Persons found in Authors of different Nations to the English Orthography and to introduce such an Uniformity through the Work that the same Place should always be found under the same Name in the Text.
+TO oblain the first of these Ends, it is sufficient to be acquainted with the Alphabets or Letters in use with those Nations to whom such Authors belong or in whose Language they have written their Voyages.
+ But it proves exceeding difficult and often impracticable to procure the second End because Travellers of the same Nation frequently write foreign Names different Ways.
+ Whether this happens through Neglect in learning the Names, or else because being forced to invent Characters for want of Letters in their own Language to express Sounds in others they make various Choices or thirdly which is frequently the Case because they copy from Authors of other Nations :
+Whichever  is the Case it follows that if such Names be reduced to the English Idiom there will be just the same Disagreement amongst them as if they had been transcribed without any Alteration.
+ Nor is it possible to bring them to an Uniformity but by knowing how such Names are written or pronounced by the Natives who use them.
+BUT although this Knowledge may be in a good Measure, obtained so far as relates to the Languages of Europe and those of Asia, commonly called the Oriental, and perhaps a few others, yet with respect to those Nation who have no Books nor Characters such as the Inhabitants of Guinea, and most Parts of Africa, as well as all America or whose Books and Characters if they have any are little known to us such as those on the Coast of Malabar, Kormandel, and other Parts of the Indies, it is very difficult to come at the Orthography or true Pronuntiation of their proper or local Names.
+ For these Reasons having been often at a Loss in this Particular, we thought ourselves obliged to retain such uncertain Names in the Text only reducing them to the Propriety of the English Letters rather than make use constantly of one which we were not sure was the genuine Name.
+ON the other Hand when once we have or think we have found out the true Name take Care to use no other in the Text the rest we consign to the Notes.
+ By this Means not only Mistakes if any be committed by us may be rectified and Justice done the respective Authors but the several various Readings of the same Name will be retained which are very necessary to be known by all Geographers and Historians in order to discover the Identity of Places.
+ They likewise furnish very proper Materials for geographical Dictionaries:
+ For unless the various Names under which the same Place occurs in different Authors are to be met with in such Books one cannot always be sure of finding the Place he wants.
+ENOUGH has been said we presume to apologize for the same Name being sometimes Spelt differently in our Abstracts from different Authors.
+ But to remedy this Defect as far as may be we usually insert in the Margin what we conceive to be the true Name at least that which is most commonly in Use and this may account for the Difference which often appears between the Names in the Margin which are generally uniform and those retained in the Text.
+IN reducing the foreign Names (by which we understand those used by Nations who do not use the Roman Character) to the English Idiom we have generally observed the following Rules:
+ First We never employ different Letters to express the same Sound: For this Reason we always use k in Place of c and J Consonant before e and i Vowel instead of G:
+ Except when it is used hard* before those Letters as in gild or we are in Doubt which Way the ...
+* It is always hard in the Dutch, German and other Northern Languages, and soft in the French, Italian and Spanish before e and i.
+===== X =====
+Author used it, in which Case we join the Aspirate, writing gh.
+ We do the same to express gue of the French which we write ghe except in some Names which by other Authors we find to terminate in go as Camalingue we write Kamalingo not Kamalinghe.
+ Secondly, The broad and long a of the French and other Nations like our a in all we express by an a circumflected.
+ When the e is to be founded at the End of Words we mark it with an Accute or Grave:
+ The î stands for double ee, the ô shews that this Letter is to have its natural Sound as in bore:
+ û is equivalent to oo in English and ou in French unless where this last Diphthong stands for w, as it frequently does, the French not having that Letter in their Language.
+WE imploy sh for the French ch and Portugueze x, ch for the French tch, the High Dutch tsch or the Italian c before e or i.
+ The French and German J Consonant we com monly turn into Y and never use this last Letter as a Vowel or at the End of English foreign Names immediately after a Consonant, thus, for Barfally, we write Barfalli.
+ Kh is to be founded gutturally: Dh soft or lisping, like th in the or thou.
+ALTHOUGH we do not pretend, by these Rules in Writing, to reduce foreign Names to their true Sounds, as written or pronounced by the Nations who use them, yet we propose thereby to convey to an English Reader the true Sound, according to the Language of the Author from whence they are taken and to introduce such an Uniformity in the Orthography that there may be no Danger of finding the same Name in different Places written according to the Idiom of several different Nations as is the Case in all other Collections hitherto published, so that the Generality of Readers must take them for so many different Names, it being impossible to know them to be the same, under so great a Change, as the various Ways of writing them occasions*
+ And this Advantage, which our Collection claims above all others, will, we hope, atone for the other orthographical Differences, which, for the Reasons already mentioned, it was not in our Power to remedy
+WITH regard to Cuts and Maps, which in sorting will accompany the Remarks, we shall throw-out all Duplicates and only insert the best of a Kind to be found in the Travellers:
+ For Instance, Herbert, Struys, Gemelli, Chardin, Kæmpfer, and le Bruyn have given Draughts of Persepolis.
+ But to admit those of the first three, would be doing an Injury to the Work, as being either spurious or trifling and to insert those of the last three would be superfluous, since one of them for Instance, le Bruyn's might serve.
+ For the same Reason we reject most of those Cuts representing Prospects, Battles, Sieges, and the like, which generally are the Product of the Painter's Fancy and of Use only to swell the Bulk and Price of Books.
+In the Place of these we insert the Animals and Vegetables with the Habits of the several Nations, where wanting in the Travellers taken from the best Draughts hitherto published.
+IN like Manner, though we shall omit Herbert's Map of the Caspian Sea however inserted in Harris's Collection as well as those of Sandys Tournefort and le Bruyn's Voyages, with the like copied from other faulty Maps, or drawn without any Skill, we shall carefully preserve all Maps and Charts taken by the Travellers on the Spot or copied from those of the Natives:
+ Such as Olearius's Map of the Wolga the Russian Chart of the Caspian Sea and Map of Siberia the Map of Colchis and the Country about Bafrah published in Thevenot's Collection and that of Attica made by Wheeler
+The like we shall do by the Draughts and Plans of Coasts Harbours and Cities found in Cook, Rogers, Frazier, Isbrand Ides and other Authors.
+WHERE several have given Maps of the same Country as those of Egypt, the Delta, or the Nile, published by Lucas, Sicard, and Doctor Pocock, we shall either insert one of them improved from the rest, or else a new Draught made from them all.
+On the other Hand …
+*This for Instance may appear from the Word Shin which a French Author writes Chin a German Schin a Polish Szin an Italian Scin and a Portugueze Xin where
+...
+XI